Intelligent Transportation Systems for Traffic Incident Management
Deployment Benefits and Lessons Learned
Benefits
San
Antonio Reduces Response Times by 20 Percent
Quicker
Response, Fewer Secondary Incidents
Service
Patrols Promote Fuel Conservation and Public Safety
ITS Benefits All Responders
How Can You Save
$8 Million Per Year?
Costs
FDOT
Budget Supports a Variety of Traffic Incident Management Programs
Service Patrols
Prove Cost Effective
Deployment
Trends in Detection and Verification
Lessons Learned
Managing Traffic Incidents – Lessons from Experience
Americans lose 3.7 billion hours and 2.3 billion gallons of fuel every year sitting in traffic.1 In 2004, trucks idling in traffic are estimated to have cost the trucking industry some 243 million hours, the equivalent of 17,000 work years, with a cost of $8 billion. 2 To combat the country's growing transportation congestion problem, the U.S. Department of Transportation launched the National Strategy to Reduce Congestion on America’s Transportation Network. One element of this initiative is to reduce incident-related congestion by promoting operational and technological improvements that increase incident response capabilities.3
Traffic Incident Management
Traffic Incident Management (TIM) is a systematic, planned, and coordinated effort to detect, respond to, and remove traffic incidents and restore traffic capacity as safely and quickly as possible. TIM involves the application of institutional, mechanical, and technical resources, including Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), and offers a number of measurable benefits:
- Traffic incident management reduces fuel consumption by about 1.2 percent annually,4 saving 2,600-7,700 gallons per incident.5
- Traffic incident management reduces incident duration by up to 65 percent6 and reduces secondary crashes by 30-50 percent.7
- Service patrols' benefit-cost ratios range from 2:1 to 36:1.8
ITS technologies for traffic incident detection, verification, response, and communication are recognized as valuable tools by transportation professionals and are being used throughout the country:
- 32 percent of freeway miles are monitored by video to detect incidents, and 45 percent are served by service patrols.9
- Traffic incident management on arterial streets is growing: 5 percent of arterial streets have video monitoring for detection, and 10 percent have service patrols.10
Quicker Response, Fewer Secondary Incidents
Secondary crashes due to congestion caused by a previous crash are estimated to represent 20 percent of all crashes.11
The benefits of reduced incident duration through incident management programs are clear and well documented.
- Studies prove that the likelihood of a secondary crash increases by 2.8 percent for each minute the primary accident continues to be a hazard.12
- Maryland's Coordinated Highways Action Response Team (CHART) incident management program resulted in an estimated 377 fewer secondary crashes in 2002.13
- Indiana's Hoosier Helper service patrol contributed to an estimated reduction in secondary crashes of 259 in 1995.14
FDOT Budget Supports a Variety of Traffic Incident Management Programs
All States and metropolitan areas are constrained by budget limitations, and the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) is no exception. But with a $36 million capital investment (annualized at about $8.3 million), FDOT has funded several programs designed to maintain traffic flow and hasten incident response through its District IV SunGuide Transportation Management Center.15
Some highlights of these efforts include:
- The Road Ranger service patrol utilizes 11 vehicles covering 84 centerline miles on I-95, I-595, and I-75 at an annual cost of about $2.5 million, including services and vehicle leases.16
- The Severe Incident Response Vehicle program is a pilot program providing an incident command station and support to FDOT and Road Rangers during such major incidents as tractor trailer rollovers, hazardous material incidents, and fatalities.17 The approximately $310,000 annual operating cost includes contracted services and one leased vehicle.18
- Traffic incident management services cost approximately $400,000 for 2005 and are geared toward maintaining interagency relationships and promoting dialogue.19
- The purchase of 45 closed circuit TV (CCTV) cameras and 106 detectors including installation, associated structures, and deployment have cost $2.8 million to date.20 The next deployment phase, scheduled for 2006, will include approximately 55 CCTV cameras, 224 detectors, and 55 miles of in-ground fiber optic communications at an estimated cost of $15.5 million.21
- The estimated annual staffing cost for Southeast Florida's 511 Traveler Information System is $175,000.22
- The $11 million capital cost for dynamic message signs (DMS) includes approximately 50 miles of in-ground fiber optic communications, 31 signs, structures, foundation, controllers, cabinets, and installation. $18,600 has been budgeted annually for electricity, and annual maintenance costs will be about $750,000 for spare parts, labor, and preventative maintenance. DMS maintenance is contracted out.23
Service Patrols Promote Fuel Conservation and Public Safety
Service patrols are known to help decrease incident-related delay, which means faster travel and fewer vehicle-hours annually. But less congestion also means less fuel wasted as vehicles idle while waiting for traffic to clear. The following examples show how fuel consumption was reduced at regional and local levels by decreasing incident-related congestion through service patrols.
Maryland's CHART Program
| "I truly felt my life was in danger as cars and trucks whizzed by...I felt my life was saved today due to this service..." "He right off was thinking safety for everyone...me and my family, the traffic, and himself..." "This is the best service the state provides. I was back on the road within 30 minutes..." – Travelers in Chattanooga, TN |
A 2000 study of Maryland's Coordinated Highways Action Response Team (CHART) program showed how incident reduction benefits Marylanders:
- Estimated fuel savings: 4.1 million gallons annually.24
- Estimated economic value of fuel savings: $6.1 million.25
Florida's Road Ranger Program
The Florida Road Ranger service patrol provides the residents of Florida with a significant reduction in wasted fuel due to congestion:
- Estimated fuel savings: 1.7 million gallons statewide monthly.26
- Estimated economic value of fuel savings: $3.4 million statewide monthly.27
According to the Florida Department of Transportation, this program not only cuts down on harmful emissions, it has an overall benefit-cost ratio of nearly 26:1.28
Thoughts from the Public
Service patrols are highly visible and have a powerful impact on frightened motorists. The box to the right contains excerpts from letters of appreciation that travelers have written to the Tennessee Department of Transportation in praise of their program in Chattanooga.29
ITS Benefits All Responders
Fire, rescue, and emergency medical services (EMS) have different priorities than transportation agencies when clearing an incident. Their first concern is the safety of the victims and motorists; getting traffic flowing again is secondary.
"Being able to view the scene of a freeway incident using the surveillance cameras helped us to better decide the type and number of units to send to the incident." – Tony Davidson, Chief of Communications, Atlanta Fire Department |
Including these first responders in the planning and development of a traffic incident management program, and maintaining consistent communication, will help ensure effective management of the traffic incident scene and cultivate multiagency ties, with the traveling public reaping the benefits of increased efficiency – and safety.
This kind of information sharing occurred during the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta. The Atlanta Fire Department, as part of its joint response efforts with the Georgia Department of Transportation, the State patrol, and the city police, realized the benefit of closed circuit TV cameras.30
It's important to keep all players in mind when deploying ITS. Better information to fire, rescue, and EMS means that they can arrive at the scene with the right equipment and resolve the incident more quickly.
| Program | Operating Costs (Millions per Year) | Hours of Operation | Fleet Size | Benefit-Cost Ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Los Angeles, CAl32 | $20.5 | 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. Mon-Fri |
150 trucks | 8:1 |
| Detroit, MI33 | $2.5 | 6:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. plus special events | 32 drivers |
15:1 |
| Ft. Lauderdale, FL34 | $2.5 | 24 hours/day, 7 days/week | 11 vehicles | 21:1 |
| Tennessee statewide35 | $5.6 | variable hours, 7 days/week | 85 operators 69 trucks |
not available |
| Denver, CO36 | $1.5 | 6:30 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. 3:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. Mon-Fri |
2 trucks | 23:1 |
How Can You Save $8 Million Per Year?
Houston TranStar did it by co-locating 75 personnel from the Texas Department of Transportation, Harris County, Houston Metro, and the City of Houston. Then they added a variety of traffic management tools, including a freeway management system, a freeway and arterial street incident management program, Intelligent Transportation System programs, a service patrol, and several other programs to the mix.
This combination of traffic professionals and a variety of traffic management tools, all with the goal of improving traffic flow, has saved an estimated 572,095 vehiclehours annually. For Houston, a metropolis covering more than 600 square miles and home to the Port of Houston, through which more than 200 million tons of cargo pass every year,37 that translates into an estimated economic value of $8.4 million saved annually.38 Other summary data show additional benefits:
- In 1996, high-occupancy vehicle lane restrictions were lifted seven times due to incidents on the mainline that blocked all lanes. The Texas Transportation Institute estimated that, due to that action, 12,910 vehicles were able to avoid delay and save 13.5 to 27 minutes. Vehicle delay savings were estimated at between $42,500 and $85,100 for those seven incidents.39
- The service patrol, in place since 1989, has a benefit-cost ratio exceeding 23:1.40
Trends in Detection and Verification
Since 1997, more than 40 percent of freeway miles utilized dedicated call numbers for travelers to report incidents via cell phones. In fact, detection times can occur in as little as 1 minute in most metropolitan areas due to the proliferation of cellular phones.41 But, as the graph below shows, the number of cell phone calls to a dedicated number has remained flat; the fastest growing incident detection and verification method from 1997 to 2005 has been closed circuit TV (CCTV), which was deployed on 43 percent of freeways in 2005, a 35 percent increase since 1997.42
But no single method will detect everything, and transportation management professionals rely on several methods to detect and verify incidents, including CCTV cameras, cellular telephone calls, automated incident detection, and service patrols, among others.
- CCTV, deployed in some 73 metropolitan areas as of 2004,43 is one of the most cost-effective and efficient methods for incident verification.44
- The number of freeway miles covered by service patrols, which have a benefit-cost ratio of up to 36:1,45 has grown by 21 percent since 1997.46 This incident detection method was utilized in 74 metropolitan areas in 2004 and now covers 41 percent of freeway miles and 10 percent of arterial miles.
- Freeway coverage by automated incident detection, currently used in 31 metropolitan areas, has increased by 19 percent since 1997 and was in use on some 16 percent of freeways in the United States in 2005.47
Propagation of Incident Detection
and Verification Methods48
Managing Traffic Incidents – Lessons from Experience
The following are lessons learned on how to plan, design, operate, and maintain traffic incident management programs.
Traffic Incident Management Program Development
- Develop a combined strategy and implementation plan for coordinated arterial signal control during incidents.49 In Minnesota, the During Incidents Vehicles Exit to Reduce Time system provides demand-responsive signal timing along the arterials to accommodate additional demand, and monitors the freeway and arterial system with detection and video surveillance.
- Cultivate relationships among transportation, law enforcement, fire, and rescue agencies when developing a coordinated, multiagency, traffic incident management program.50 At the TransGuide Operations Center in San Antonio, the staff and representatives from the Texas Department of Transportation, the San Antonio Police Department, VIA (the regional transit provider), the San Antonio Public Works Department, the Alamo Dome, the Bexar County Sheriff's Department, emergency services, and towing service providers formed the Corridor Management Team. The members meet regularly but informally to discuss traffic operations.
- Consider co-locating multiple agencies in a transportation management center (TMC) to foster personal relationships among key staff.51 The Houston TranStar TMC houses 75 co-located personnel from the Texas Department of Transportation, Harris County, Houston Metro, and the City of Houston (see related article on page 3). The streamlined management structure at TranStar maximizes public benefit by coordinating emergency response, increasing mobility, managing congestion, and enhancing safety.
Incident Detection, Verification, and Response
- Provide a combination of detection methods to detect incidents effectively and rapidly.52 While cellular phone calls continue to be the most widely used means of early detection, no single method will catch everything. Transportation management professionals rely on several methods to detect and verify incidents, including closed circuit TV cameras, cellular telephone calls, vehicle probes, call boxes, automated incident detection, and service patrols. Using a mix of detection methods enables more accurate and timely response.
- Establish common incident location identifiers.53 An agreement was developed between the Washington State Department of Transportation and the Washington State Police on a method of describing locations among the parties involved. As a result, both agencies were better able to pinpoint incident locations and decrease response times.
- Provide training to dispatchers to elicit useful information about the incident from motorists.54 Motorists calling in on cell phones often provide incorrect or inadequate information to dispatchers. It is important to train dispatchers to ask the right kinds of questions to obtain the most accurate information possible. The more accurate the information, the better traffic managers and emergency services are able to respond efficiently and effectively to an incident.
- Provide joint training among incident response agencies to improve response times and site management.55 In San Antonio, at the TransGuide Center, staff participate in three variations of training activities: mock incidents, tabletop exercises, and classroom workshops.
Incident Clearance and Evaluation
- Consider a service patrol to reduce incident clearance times.56 In the State of Washington, Incident Response Team personnel clear about 80 percent of incidents in less than 10 minutes each.
- Provide consistent, high-quality information about incidents to influence traveler behavior.57 TransGuide's survey of motorist reaction to the information in San Antonio demonstrated a high level of acceptance of the system (80 percent followed its instructions, and 71 percent believed they saved time).58
- Conduct post-incident debriefings.59 In Chattanooga, Tennessee, the Incident Commander coordinates debriefing sessions after major incidents and a lessons learned memorandum is produced and distributed to all participating agencies.
For these and other lessons, visit: www.itslessons.its.dot.gov.
San Antonio Reduces Response Times by 20 Percent
As populations surge across the south and southwest, roads get busier and delays get longer. That's why the Texas Department of Transportation, the City of San Antonio (police/fire/emergency medical services/traffic), and VIA, the region's transit provider, teamed up to develop and implement the TransGuide "smart highway" system.
TransGuide is an Intelligent Transportation System that uses dynamic message
signs, loop detectors, video surveillance cameras, and a
communication network to respond rapidly to accidents and emergencies.
The system provided a number of dramatic incident response improvements in
a very short time as demonstrated in a comparison of sample crash statistics
from the 3 years prior to deployment with sample statistics collected during
the first year post deployment.
- Incident response times were reduced by 20 percent.60
- Average delay savings reached up to 700 vehicle-hours per incident.61
- Fuel consumption decreased by up to 2,600 gallons per incident.62
- All these numbers translate into annual savings of $1.65 million in 1995 dollars.63
Survey results also indicate improvements in driver confidence due to the improved quality of traveler information available. Surveys taken after implementation indicated that driver response to posted instructions improved from 33 percent just after implementation to 80 percent at the time of the report.64
There’s More Online! ITS Applications Overview: www.itsoverview.its.dot.gov FHWA Office of Operations Traffic Incident Management Program: www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/incidentmgmt/index.htm National Traffic Incident Management Coalition: www.timcoalition.org TIM Community of Practice: www.timexchange.org |
Source Information
1. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Strategy to Reduce Congestion on America's Transportation Network, Washington, DC: May 2006. Report: http://isddc.dot.gov/OLPFiles/OST/012988.pdf
2. National Traffic Incident Management Coalition Website, timcoalition.org/?siteid=41&pageid=591.
3. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Strategy to Reduce Congestion on America's Transportation Network, Washington, DC: May 2006. Report: isddc.dot.gov/OLPFiles/OST/012988.pdf
4. The summary fact "Traffic incident management reduces fuel consumption by about 1.2 percent annually" is based on one article from the ITS Benefits Database:
| Document Referenced | Simulated v. Measured Data | Location | Date of Study | Percent Decrease in Annual Fuel Consumpion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Federal Highway Administration, Metropolitan Model Deployment Initiative
– Seattle Final Evaluation Report, Washington, DC: May 2000.
ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/06D560796A6416DC852569610051E2E2 Report: www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/12883.pdf |
Simulated | San Antonio, TX | 2000 | 1.2% |
5. The summary fact "Traffic incident management saves 2,600-7,700 gallons per major incident" is based on two articles from the ITS Benefits Database:
| Document Referenced | Simulated v. Measured Data | Location | Date of Study | Decrease Fuel Consumpion per Incident |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Henk, Russel H., et al., “Before-and-After Analysis of the San
Antonio TransGuide System,” paper presented at the 76th Annual Meeting
of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1997. ITS
Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/6653718EFFE52A5C852569610051E27F |
Simulated | San Antonio, TX | 1996 | 2,600 gallons |
| Jacobson, L., et al., Incident Management Using Total Stations, Seattle, WA: August 1992. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/0D0D8496BCC0EF69852569E700716FB3 | Simulated | Washington statewide | 1992 | 7,770 gallons |
6. The summary fact "Traffic incident management reduces incident durations by up to 65 percent" is based on five articles from the ITS Benefits Database:
| Document Referenced | Simulated v. Measured Data | Location | Date Conducted | Percent Decrease in Incident Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perrin, J., et al., Advanced Transportation System Elemental Cost
Benefit Assessment, Washington, DC: March 2004. ITS Benefits Database
Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/66602453BDBB0064852570C80070FFE6 |
Measured | Salt Lake City, UT | 2004 | 12% and 36% |
| Bertini, R., et al., Evaluation of Region 2 Incident Response Program Using Archived Data, Portland State University Report No. PSU-CE-TRG-01-01, Portland, OR: June 2001. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/62838FB271765BD385257217005A5872 | Measured | Oregon, I-5 and Hwy 18 | 2001 | 15% and 30% |
| University of Maryland, College Park and Maryland State Highway Administration,
Performance Evaluation of CHART – Coordinated Highways Action
Response Team – Year 2000, College Park, MD: November 2003.
ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/9FBABB7833F303C3852571B8004D4EF5 |
Measured | Maryland statewide | 2003 | 28% |
| Petrov. A., et al. “Evaluation of the Benefits of a Real-Time Incident Response System,” paper presented at the 9th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Chicago, IL, October 14-17, 2002. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/151060B2B05095D385256C6F006FF9D6 | Measured | Maryland statewide | 1999 | 55% |
| Petrov. A., et al. “Evaluation of the Benefits of a Real-Time Incident Response System,” paper presented at the 9th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Chicago, IL, October 14-17, 2002. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/151060B2B05095D385256C6F006FF9D6 | Measured | Maryland statewide | 2000 | 57% |
| Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1996 ITS Tour Report: Eastern North America & 1996 ITS World Congress: Volume 1, Washington, DC: 1997, p. 4-5. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/26F64E34457928EC852569610051E2D7 | Measured | Toronto, ON | 1997 | 65% |
7. The summary fact "Traffic incident management reduces secondary crashes by 30-50 percent" is based on two articles from the ITS Benefits Database:
| Document Referenced | Simulated v. Measured Data | Location | Date Conducted | Percent Decrease in Secondary Crashes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Henk, Russel H., et al., “Before-and-After Analysis of the San
Antonio TransGuide System,” paper presented at the 76th Annual Meeting
of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1997. ITS
Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/6653718EFFE52A5C852569610051E27F |
Simulated | San Antonio, TX | 1996 | 30% |
| Highway Industry Development Organization, Ministry of Construction, Intelligent Transportation Systems Handbook in Japan, Tokyo, Japan: October 1997. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/30D32D9BB1685CF3852569610051E26F | Measured | Odawara, Japan | 1997 | 50% |
8. The summary fact “Motorist assistance patrols’ benefit-cost
ratio ranges from 2:1 to 36:1” is based on four articles from the ITS
Benefits Database:
| Document Referenced | Simulated v. Measured Data | Location | Date Conducted | Benefit-Cost Ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the
Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation
Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry:
www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE |
Unknown | Norfolk, VA | 1995 | 2:1 to 2.5:1 |
| Minnesota Department of Transportation, Highway Helper Summary Report – Twin Cities Metro Area, St. Paul, MN: July 1994. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/B285A1F883C7C2BE852569610051E263 | Benefits: Simulated Costs: Measured |
Minneapolis, MN | 1994 | 2.3:1 |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | Orange County, CA | 1995 | 3:1 |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | Riverside County, CA | 1993 | 3:1 |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | Charlotte, NC | 1995 | 3:1 to 7:1 |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | Dallas, TX | 1993 | 3.3:1 to 36.2: 1 |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | Oakland, CA | 1991 | 3.5:1 |
| Latoski, S., et al., “Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Hoosier Helper Freeway Service Patrol,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, Volume 125, Number 5, September/October 1999. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Benefits: Simulated Costs: Measured |
Indianapolis, IN | 1995 | 4.7:1 for daytime operations |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | Minneapolis, MN | 1995 | 5:1 |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | Sacramento, CA | 1995 | 5.5:1 |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | Houston, TX | 1994 | 6.6:1 to 23.3:1 |
| Cuciti, P. and B. Janson, "Incident Management via Courtesy Patrol: Evaluation of a Pilot Project in Colorado," paper presented at the 74th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1995. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/BE1E4488FF0F3E5B852569610051E29F | Benefits: Simulated Costs: Measured |
Denver, CO | 1995 | 10.5:1 to 16.9:1 |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | Los Angeles, CA | 1993 | 11:1 |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | Fresno, CA | 1995 | 12.5:1 |
| Latoski, S., et al., “Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Hoosier Helper Freeway Service Patrol,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, Volume 125, Number 5, September/October 1999. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/B32DDDE9827B2177852569610051E25C | Benefits: Simulated Costs: Measured |
Indianapolis, IN | 1996 | 13.3:1 for 24-hour operations |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | Detroit, MI | 1995 | 14:1 |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | Chicago, IL | 1990 | 17:1 |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | Denver, CO | 1996 | 20:1 to 23:1 |
| Fenno D., and M. Ogden, "Freeway Service Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE | Unknown | New York City and Westchester County, NY | 1995 | 23.5:1 |
9. Federal Highway Administration, "Incident Management," ITS Deployment Statistics Database Entry: www.itsdeployment.its.dot.gov/Trendsgraph.asp?comp=IM
10. Federal Highway Administration, "Incident Management," ITS Deployment Statistics Database Entry: www.itsdeployment.its.dot.gov/Trendsgraph.asp?comp=IM
11. Federal Highway Administration Office of Operations Webpage, "Traffic Incident Management," www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/aboutus/one_pagers/tim.htm
12. Karlaftis, M.G., S.P. Latoski, N.J. Richards, and K.C. Sinha, “ITS Impacts on Safety and Traffic Management: An Investigation of Secondary Crashes,” ITS Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1999, pp. 39-52. Article: www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/14296.htm Cited in Horsley, John, “Advancing an [sic] National Agenda for Traffic Incident Management.” Article: timcoalition.org/sites/ntimc/docs/NTIMC%20article%20for%20R_B%20magazine2.mht
13. University of Maryland, College Park and Maryland State Highway Administration,
Performance Evaluation of CHART – Coordinated Highways Action Response
Team – Year 2002, College Park, MD: November 2003. ITS Benefits
Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/ID/9FBABB7833F303C3852571B8004D4EF5
Report: www.chart.state.md.us/downloads/readingroom/CHART_II_Documents/Final_Evaluation_Report_03-04.doc
14. Latoski, S., et al., “Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Hoosier Helper Freeway Service Patrol,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, Volume 125, Number 5, September/October 1999. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/B32DDDE9827B2177852569610051E25C
15. Florida Department of Transportation, District IV: Broward County, FL, 2005 Annual Report SMART SunGuide Transportation Management Center (TMC), Ft. Lauderdale, FL: January 2006, p. 19. ITS Costs Database Entry: www.itscosts.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/0C66A52D53BD8592852571420066DCB4 Report: www.smartsunguide.com/PDF/Annual%20Report%2006_JAN_31%20FINAL.pdf
16. Ibid., p. 14 and p. 19.
17. Florida Department of Transportation, District IV: Broward County, FL, 2004 Annual Report SMART SunGuide Transportation Management Center (TMC), Ft. Lauderdale, FL: January 2005, p. 15. Report: www.smartsunguide.com/PDF/SMART%20TMC%20Annual%20Report.pdf
18. Florida Department of Transportation, District IV: Broward County, FL, 2005 Annual Report SMART SunGuide Transportation Management Center (TMC), Ft. Lauderdale, FL: January 2006, p. 19. ITS Costs Database Entry: www.itscosts.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/0C66A52D53BD8592852571420066DCB4 Report: www.smartsunguide.com/PDF/Annual%20Report%2006_JAN_31%20FINAL.pdf
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid. See also, Florida Department of Transportation, District IV: Broward County, FL, 2004 Annual Report SMART SunGuide Transportation Management Center (TMC), Ft. Lauderdale, FL: January 2005, pp. 17-18. Report: www.smartsunguide.com/PDF/SMART%20TMC%20Annual%20Report.pdf
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Petrov. A., et al. “Evaluation of the Benefits of a Real-Time Incident Response System,” paper presented at the 9th World Congress Conference on ITS, Chicago, IL, October 14-17, 2002. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/151060B2B05095D385256C6F006FF9D6
25. Estimated economic value for CHART based on average annual fuel costs for 2000 as reported in U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Short Term Energy Outlook – January 2002, Washington, DC: 2002, p. 23. Report: www.eia.doe.gov/pub/forecasting/steo/oldsteos/jan02.pdf
26. Florida Department of Transportation, Road Ranger Benefit-Cost Analysis,
Tampa, FL: 2006. ITS Benefits Database Entry:
www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/758CD9800CCDE9B38525725F0068BB0D
Report: www.dot.state.fl.us/research-center/Completed_Proj/Summary_TE/FDOT_BD544_14_rpt.pdf
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Tennessee Department of Transportation, HELP Annual Operating Report, July 1, 2004 – June 30, 2005, Nashville, TN: October 2005. ITS Costs Database Entry: www.itscosts.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/91A6A7FCACF317668525714200638FB7
30. Federal Highway Administration, Incident Management Successful Practices:
A Cross-Cutting Study, Washington, DC: April 2000. See also, ITS Lessons
Learned Knowledge Resource Entries:
(1) www.itslessons.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/Lesson?OpenForm&032E7396049034CE8525718F0062E879,
(2) www.itslessons.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/Lesson?OpenForm&457366209E8D9BEA8525718F00648AA1
and
(3) www.itslessons.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/Lesson?OpenForm&A636DFCF4D1A89278525718F00661959
(Lesson learned point of contact: Cheryl Lowrance, Mitretek Systems, 202-863-2986,
cheryl.lowrance@mitretek.org)
Report: www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/11484.pdf
31. Fenno, David W. and Michael A. Ogden, “Freeway Services Patrols: A State of the Practice,” paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/ 2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE
32. Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority Webpage, “About
FSP,” www.mta.net/projects_programs/fsp/about_fsp.htm
and www.mta.net/news_info/facts.htm
ITS Costs Database Entry: www.itscosts.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/13AE8D48114F8EC885257218006876D3
ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/66F24F4460E32E938525725F00501B12
33. Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, MDOT Freeway Courtesy
Patrol in Southeast Michigan: 2004 Evaluation Report, Detroit, MI: May
2005.
ITS Costs Database Entry: www.itscosts.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/F9BA0916D8410B368525723C004C6565
Report: www.semcog.org/products/pdfs/2004FCPREPORT.pdf
34. Florida Department of Transportation, Road Ranger Benefit-Cost Analysis,
Tampa, FL: 2006. ITS Costs Database Entry: www.itscosts.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2FA61263C877AE888525722900608B08
Report: www.dot.state.fl.us/research-center/Completed_Proj/Summary_TE/FDOT_BD544_14_rpt.pdf
35. Tennessee Department of Transportation, HELP Annual Operating Report, July 1, 2004 – June 30, 2005, Nashville, TN: October 2005. ITS Costs Database Entry: www.itscosts.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/91A6A7FCACF317668525714200638FB7
36. Colorado Department of Transportation, CDOT Launches Courtesy Patrol on I-70 West, Denver, CO: March 4, 2005. ITS Costs Database Entry: www.itscosts.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/A2E3E5BA7B6915DE85256DE4006272A1
37. Port of Houston Authority Webpage, "General Information," www.portofhouston.com/geninfo/overview1.html
38. Parsons Transportation Group and Texas Transportation Institute, Estimation of Benefits of Houston TranStar, Houston, TX: February 1997. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/0B37A6D584E620B2852569610051E268
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Federal Highway Administration, "Incident Management," ITS Deployment Statistics Database Entry: www.itsdeployment.its.dot.gov/Trendsgraph.asp?comp=IM
42. Ibid.
43. Federal Highway Administration, “Freeway Incident Detection and Verification Via CCTV: 2004 National Summary,” ITS Deployment Statistics Database Entry: www.itsdeployment.its.dot.gov/Results.asp?ID=432&rpt=M&filter=1&sort=NumCCTV&Year=2004
44. Federal Highway Administration, Incident Management Successful Practices: A Cross-Cutting Study, Washington, DC: April 2000, p. 16. Report: www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/11484.pdf
45. Fenno, David W. and Michael A. Ogden, "Freeway Services Patrols: A State of the Practice," paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1998. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/2B94636876E370D9852569610051E2DE
46. Federal Highway Administration, "Incident Management," ITS
Deployment Statistics Database Entry:
www.itsdeployment.its.dot.gov/Trendsgraph.asp?comp=IM
47. Federal Highway Administration, "National Summary," ITS Deployment Statistics Database Entry: www.itsdeployment.its.dot.gov/FactSheet.asp
48. Ibid.
49. Federal Highway Administration, Incident Management Successful Practices:
A Cross-Cutting Study, Washington, DC: April 2000. ITS Lessons Learned
Knowledge Resource Entry: www.itslessons.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/Lesson?OpenForm&032E7396049034CE8525718F0062E879
(Lesson learned point of contact: Cheryl Lowrance, Mitretek Systems, 202-863-2986,
cheryl.lowrance@mitretek.org).
Report: www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/11484.pdf
50. Ibid.
51. Transportation Research Board, NCHRP Report 520: Sharing Information
between Public Safety and Transportation Agencies for Traffic Incident Management,
Washington, DC: 2004. ITS Lessons Learned Knowledge Resource Entry: www.itslessons.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/Lesson?OpenForm&826BE97F5DE1F88F852570A60060F5A1
(Lesson learned point of contact: Aimee Flannery, Ph.D., P.E., George Mason
University, 703-993-1738, aflanner@gmu.edu).
Report: onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_520.pdf
52. Federal Highway Administration, Incident Management Successful Practices:
A Cross-Cutting Study, Washington, DC: April 2000.
ITS Lessons Learned Knowledge Resource Entry: www.itslessons.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/Lesson?OpenForm&457366209E8D9BEA8525718F00648AA1
(Lesson learned point of contact: Cheryl Lowrance, Mitretek Systems,
202-863-2986, cheryl.lowrance@mitretek.org).
Report: www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/11484.pdf
53. Federal Highway Administration, Computer-Aided Dispatch – Traffic
Management Center Field Operational Test Final Report, Washington State,
Washington, DC: 2003. ITS Lessons Learned Knowledge Resource Entry: www.itslessons.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/Lesson?OpenForm&BCC1F2BF48F9AE908525725F0061DF01
(Lesson learned point of contact: Carolina Burnier, Mitretek Systems,
202-488-1503, carolina.burnier@mitretek.org).
Report: www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/14325.htm
54. Federal Highway Administration, Incident Management Successful Practices:
A Cross-Cutting Study, Washington, DC: April 2000. ITS Lessons Learned
Knowledge Resource Entry: www.itslessons.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/Lesson?OpenForm&457366209E8D9BEA8525718F00648AA1
(Lesson learned point of contact: Cheryl Lowrance, Mitretek Systems, 202-863-2986,
cheryl.lowrance@mitretek.org).
Report: www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/11484.pdf
55. Ibid.
56. Federal Highway Administration, Improving Mobility, Saving Lives
– Safety Service Patrols, Washington, DC: 1999. ITS Lessons Learned
Knowledge Resource Entry: www.itslessons.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/Lesson?OpenForm&1370BC7CE41A9B2A8525707E0061C639
(Lesson learned point of contact: Allan DeBlasio, U.S. DOT / RITA / John A.
Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, 617-494-2032, allan.j.deblasio@volpe.dot.gov).
Report: www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/brochure/6872.pdf
57. Federal Highway Administration, Intelligent Transportation Systems Field Operational Test Cross-Cutting Study: Incident Management: Detection, Verification, and Traffic Management, Washington, DC: September 1998. ITS Lessons Learned Knowledge Resource Entry: www.itslessons.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/Lesson?OpenForm&3450D6377A6818148525707E0061C49D (Lesson learned point of contact: Dave Helman, FHWA, 202-366-8042, david.helman@dot.gov). Report: www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/6328.pdf
58. Ibid., p. 12.
59. Federal Highway Administration, Incident Management Successful Practices:
A Cross-Cutting Study, Washington, DC: April 2000. ITS Lessons Learned
Knowledge Resource Entry: www.itslessons.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/Lesson?OpenForm&A636DFCF4D1A89278525718F00661959
(Lesson learned point of contact: Cheryl Lowrance, Mitretek Systems, 202-863-2986,
cheryl.lowrance@mitretek.org).
Report: www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/11484.pdf
60. Henk, Russel H., et al., “Before-and-After Analysis of the San Antonio TransGuide System,” paper presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 1997. ITS Benefits Database Entry: www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/0/6653718EFFE52A5C852569610051E27F
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.