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Second level

Third level

Fourth level

Fifth level

- V2V systems address about 4,409,000 police-reported (PR) or 79 percent of all-vehicle target crashes, 4,336,000 PR or 81 percent of all light-vehicle target crashes, and 267,000 PR or 71 percent of all heavy-truck target crashes annually.

- V2I systems address about 1,465,000 PR or 26 percent of all-vehicle target crashes, 1,431,000 PR or 27 percent of all light-vehicle target crashes, and 55,000 PR or 15 percent of all heavy-truck target crashes annually.

- Combined V2V and V2I systems address about 4,503,000 PR or 81 percent of all vehicle target crashes, 4,417,000 PR or 83 percent of all light-vehicle target crashes, and 272,000 PR or 72 percent of all heavy-truck target crashes annually.

Process:

1. Break down target crashes to pre-crash scenarios where system effectiveness may vary

2. Estimate system effectiveness in each dynamically-distinct pre-crash scenario

Process:

1. Break down target crashes to pre-crash scenarios where system effectiveness may vary

2. Estimate system effectiveness in each dynamically-distinct pre-crash scenario

•Near-crash scenarios, require driver response

•Used as a surrogate measure for crashes

•Address each pre-crash scenario

•Near-crash scenarios

•Used to estimate crashes

•Address each pre-crash scenario