1	Commercial Vehicle Interoperability & Performance Considerations Dr. David LeBlanc University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
2	Sources Interoperability Issues for Commercial Vehicle Safety Applications, March 2011, UMTRI Commercial Vehicle Driver-Vehicle Interface Needs Specification, Dec. 2010, Battelle Development of Performance Requirements for Commercial Vehicle Safety Applications, March 2011, VTTI CAMP VSC-A and other project developments Plus… IVBSS (Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems) - Heavy Truck Platform – requirements & performance guidelines, March 2008, UMTRI Toma et al – Crash Problem for Commercial Vehicles, Volpe Others… THANKS TO INDUSTRY EXPERTS WHO PARTICIPATED IN SURVEYS & CONVERSATIONS WITH UMTRI, BATTELLE, VTTI
3	Connected Commercial Vehicle Safety Applications Development Project (CCV) Leveraging DSRC and safety applications technology already developed and proven Applying to the different – but related – problems of commercial vehicles. CCV will address unique needs of commercial vehicles. Some commercial vehicle needs will require the community to work together on a longer time scale.
4	Connected Commercial Vehicle Safety Applications Development Project (CCV) Addressing time-critical safety applications Crash warnings In-vehicle signage Not developing applications for operations (e.g., wireless inspection, smart parking, etc.)
5	Goals: Safety applications that deliver driver warnings within the equipped “host” vehicle (HV) Over-the-air broadcasts to nearby remote vehicles (RVs) to support safety applications in those vehicles Safety-positive technology for all involved (e.g., do not add to driver distraction) Comply with existing DSRC and other standards (or help adjust standards, if necessary) Acceptable and beneficial to drivers, fleets, society
6	Assumptions Adopt the established architectures and concepts developed over the past several years in the Connected Vehicle Program Broadcast (not mesh) DSRC for time-critical vehicle-to-vehicle communication IEEE 1609, SAE J2735/2945, WAVE Relative positioning of vehicles will use existing techniques (shared GPS solutions between vehicles) Security
7	Systems Engineering Crash Problem and Scenarios (Volpe) Technology Assessment Concept of Operations Functional Requirements Performance Guidelines Vehicle Build Plan and Test Communications & Application Performance Testing Interoperability (US DOT) Driver Acceptance Clinics Model Deployment -- Field Operational Test Safety Benefits and Acceptance (Volpe)
8	Commercial Vehicles: Unique Aspects (Institutional/Business) Return on investment (ROI) drives voluntary adoption Fleet policies & emphasis on serviceability Industry structure & certification Deployment often depends on fleet demand Trailer & tractor ownership Vehicle diversity and longevity Driver behavior monitoring Access to data; data privacy Retrofit/aftermarket dynamic in commercial vehicles would be very different from passenger cars
9	Commercial Vehicles: Unique Issues (Technical) Over the Air Communication (DSRC) Message content Application objectives
10	Over the Air Communication Large vehicles can block DSRC signals and/or cause issues with multipath (reflections leading to ‘nulls’) Depends on geometries, antennas, environment Result is latency in communication, leading to latency in crash warnings or complexity of code
11	Communication - continued Ground-induced nulls – exist for all vehicle pairs. Loss of signal in specific geometries For passenger vehicle pairs, CAMP experts believe the conditions are not problematic for performance.
12	Estimating Position Between Vehicles Location of nearby vehicles is computed using GPS signals on the host, and DSRC-provided GPS signals from nearby vehicles. Experts do not expect the masking of the sky to be an issue, but no work has been reported on this issue.
13	Message Content SAE J2735 defines the basic safety message and other messages for V2V and V2I communication. DSRC committee did not have benefit of significant commercial vehicle industry expertise Model Deployment time frame: May not have enough time to revise the basic safety message. CCV project may use the existing basic safety message Considering some creative solutions Longer term: What, if any, adjustments are advisable or necessary to the basic safety message?
14	Issues under consideration: Length and Antenna Placement Currently no way for a tractor to cheaply, reliably and automatically determine the length and configuration of trailers it is towing Collision avoidance applications assume broadcast location is the geometric center of the vehicle
15	Issues under consideration: Representation of articulated vehicles Collision avoidance applications assume straight vehicles Methods for effectively representing articulated trucks are under discussion
16	Safety Applications for Commercial Vehicles: Considerations Forward crash warning (FCW) and Emergency Electronic Brake Lamps (EEBL) Safe following distance is emphasized in driver training and fleet policies Commercial vehicle mass and length can vary dramatically within a day Blind Spot/Lane Change Warning Blind spots are larger with commercial vehicles Driver turn signal behavior and lane change decision-making is different
17	Safety Applications for Commercial Vehicles: Considerations Intersection Movement Assist Straight trucks have a high involvement in urban crossing path crashes at intersections Curve overspeed (potential application) Commercial vehicles tip; passenger cars slip Commercial vehicle rollover depends strongly on loading
18	Driver Interface Issues Effective driver interfaces in commercial vehicles can be very different than in passenger vehicles Noise and vibration Different visual fields of view Professional trained drivers Vehicle is not agile – avoiding conflicts is important DSRC-enabled applications are not necessarily fundamentally different than existing applications, in terms of interface requirements Commercial Vehicle Driver-Vehicle Interface Needs Specification, Dec. 2010, Battelle
19	System Engineering Documents Functional requirements Intention of safety applications Domain of applicability (e.g., minimum operating speed) Driver interface Functionality and required characteristics of communication, sensing, & onboard application decisions Performance guidelines Quantitative specifications for high level performance, operating characteristics, and information broadcasts
20	Summary The CCV project will confront issues that are unique to commercial vehicles Many issues have been identified in past USDOT projects. For the Model Deployment time frame, some issues can be explored and appropriate solutions implemented in CCV. Other issues require a broader involvement. The CCV project may help to scope those issues and provide early insight.