Module 38 - CV262

CV262: Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) ITS Standards for Project Managers

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CV262: Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) ITS Standards for Project Managers

Table of Contents

Introduction/Purpose - 2

Learning Objectives - 2

Reference to Other Standards - 3

Glossary - 4

Acronyms - 7

Supplemental Figures - 8

References - 9

Study Questions - 10

Module Description

This module is an introduction to the connected vehicle environment, with a focus on a standards-based vehicle-to-vehicle communications. The I101 module, Using ITS Standards - An Overview, is a recommended prerequisite for participants. A companion module is CV261, Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) ITS Standards for Project Managers, which focuses on standards-based vehicle-to-infrastructure communications.

1. Introduction/Purpose

The connected vehicle environment has the potential to transform surface transportation systems such that vehicular crashes will be significantly reduced, operators of the surface transportation systems will have access to more accurate system performance data, travelers will have access to specific traveler information, and will the connected vehicle allow the surface transportation systems to be optimized to minimize environmental impacts.

This module provides an introduction to the connected vehicle environment, a description of the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) environment, and its potential benefits to the operators of surface transportation systems. The module presents several V2V safety, mobility, and environmental applications and discusses how these applications impact surface transportation operations. It also reviews the types of information that may be exchanged between the connected devices that make up the V2V environment.

The module then presents the ITS Standards that help support the deployment of the V2V environment and V2V applications. The module also introduces some of the challenges to implementing the V2V environment and how surface transportation systems can support the V2V environment.

It is essential that agencies use standards in deploying connected vehicle technologies to maximize the benefits from the connected vehicle environment. By taking this module course (?), participants will learn what connected vehicle standards exist, where to find the standards, and how to use the connected vehicle standards to procure, implement, and operate standards-based devices and equipment. Deploying these connected vehicle standards will support interoperability, minimize future integration costs, make procurements easier, and facilitate regional and national interoperability.

2. Learning Objectives

  1. Describe the connected vehicle environment
    Provides background on the components that are a part of the connected vehicle environment and the conditions under which these components are required to communicate with each other.
  2. Discuss the V2V communications
    Identifies specific-use cases where V2V communications are important and the benefits that this technology provides to the public.
  3. Describe the roles of the standards for V2V communications
    Identifies key standards used for V2V communications and explains how these standards relate to one another in the communications stack.
  4. Address challenges in realizing a V2V environment
    Identifies key challenges that remain to the deployment of V2V technologies on a wide scale.
  5. Describe the current status of connected vehicles
    Summarizes the status of status of connected vehicles.

3. Reference to Other Standards

USDOT

IEEE

SAE

4. Glossary

Term Definition
Access Layer See SubNet Layer
Application An application process providing application entity functionality as defined by the ITS reference architecture.
Application Entity The portion of the ITS station reference architecture that provides domain-related functionality (i.e., not merely support functionality such as management or security processes).
Application Process The concept of a piece of software that processes inputs for a specific use or purpose. Application processes can exist within the management, application, or security entities of the ITS Station Architecture. For example, a word processor is an application process within the application entity whereas MS Word is an "implementation" of the word processor application. Logic that can select between the use of a Wi-Fi and Ethernet connection would be an example of an application process within the management entity.
Architecture Reference for Cooperative and Intelligent Transportation (ARC-IT) A USDOT-developed common framework for planning, defining, and integrating intelligent transportation systems. It is a mature product that reflects the contributions of a broad cross-section of the ITS community (transportation practitioners, systems engineers, system developers, technology specialists, consultants, etc.).
Basic Safety Message (BSM) The message containing the core data set transmitted by the connected vehicle for safety-related purposes (vehicle size, position, speed, heading acceleration, brake system status). The message includes an optional extension that can report additional data depending upon events (e.g., anti-lock brakes activated) but the availability of types of extension data varies by vehicle model. The BSM is tailored for low latency; localized broadcast required by V2V safety applications but can be used with many other types of applications.
Cellular Vehicle-to-Anything A form of DSRC based on 3GPP LTE technology.
Connected Device Any device used to transmit or receive messages from another device. Within the scope of V2X, we specifically mean those connected devices that are a part of an ITS trust domain, thereby allowing them to transmit and receive messages with other ITS-trusted connected devices. Within the scope of this course (V2V and V2P), we specifically mean those connected devices that are a part of the ITS trust domain established by the SCMS, thereby allowing them to transmit and receive messages with SCMS-trusted connected devices A connected device can be sub-categorized as an OBU or RSU.
Connected Vehicle (CV) A vehicle containing an OBU
Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) The use of non-voice radio techniques to transfer data over short distances between roadside and mobile radio units, between mobile units, and between portable and mobile units to perform operations related to the improvement of traffic flow, traffic safety and other intelligent transportation service applications in a variety of public and commercial environments. [FCC, Dedicated Short Range Communications of Intelligent Transportation Services - Final Rule, FR Doc No: 99-30591]

A technology for the transmission of information between multiple vehicles (V2V) and between vehicles and the transportation infrastructure (V2I) using wireless technologies.
Facilities Layer The portion of an ITS station communications stack that structures data, manages sessions, and encodes data for application processes
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Systems that apply data processing and data communications to surface transportation, to increase safety, efficiency, and sustainability. ITS systems will often integrate components and users from many domains, both public and private.
ITS Station (ITS-S) reference architecture A reference model to describe how application processes within a device are able to communicate to other devices. The model is defined in ISO 21217 and is based on the ISO Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model (ISO 7498-1), but simplifies the OSI model by grouping some layers together and extends the OSI model to explicitly defining the management, application, and security entities that drive communications and provide support functionality to the basic OSI stack.
Interoperability Degree to which two or more systems, products or components can exchange information and use the information that has been exchanged. [ISO 24765:2017]
Latency A measure of time delay experienced in a system, the precise definition of which depends on the system and the time being measured. For a data element in this context, latency is the time difference between the time that data value is acquired by the source and the time the message is transmitted.
Management Entity The portion of an ITS station that manages the configuration of the device
Network and Transport Layer The portion of an ITS station communications stack that is responsible for communicating between a source and destination device
On-Board Equipment (OBE) This term refers to the complement of equipment located in the vehicle for supporting the vehicle side of the applications. It is likely to include the DSRC radios, other radio equipment, message processing, driver interface, and other applications to support the use cases described herein. It is also referred to as the Vehicle ITS Station. When referring to the DSRC radio alone, the correct term is OBU (see below).
On-Board Unit (OBU) A vehicle-mounted device used to transmit and receive a variety of message traffic to and from other connected devices (other OBUs and RSUs). Among the message types and applications supported by this device are vehicle safety messages, a primary subject of this standard, used to exchange information on each vehicle's dynamic movements for coordination and safety.
Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) An original equipment manufacturer refers to the entity that originally manufactures an item that may be branded and sold by others. In the Connected Vehicle Environment, it is commonly used to refer to those who provide components to the automobile manufacturers.
Security Certificate Management System (SCMS) A public key infrastructure (PKI) approach to security involving the management of digital certificates that are used to sign and authenticate messages that are exchanged among connected devices that might have no direct relationship with each other.
Vehicle A self-propelled transport device, along with any attachments (e.g., trailers), that is a legal user of the transportation network.
Security Entity The portion of an ITS station that provides security services to the other parts of the ITS station
SubNet Layer The portion of an ITS station communications stack that is responsible for communications over one communications link
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) The exchange of information between a vehicle and a roadside device or centralized equipment to enhance safety, mobility, and sustainability
Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) The exchange of information between a vehicle and a connected device representing a pedestrian or other vulnerable road user to enhance safety, mobility, and sustainability.
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) The exchange of information between vehicles to enhance safety, mobility, and sustainability.
Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) The exchange of information between a vehicle one or more connected devices to enhance safety, mobility, and sustainability. The other connected device might be another vehicle, a pedestrian or other vulnerable road user device, a roadside station, or a central system.
Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) A radio communications system intended to provide seamless, interoperable services to transportation users
WAVE Short Message Protocol (WSMP) A low-overhead TransNet Layer protocol designed for use over DSRC

5. Acronyms

3GPP - 3rd Generation Partnership Project

5G - 5th Generation (cellular technology)

ATTRI - Accessible Transportation Technologies Research Initiative

BSM - Basic Safety Message

C-ITS - Cooperative ITS

C-V2X - Cellular Vehicle-to-Anything

CAMP - Collision Avoidance Metrics Partnership

CO2 - Carbon Dioxide

CV - Connected Vehicle

DSRC - Dedicated Short Range Communications

FCC - Federal Communications Commission

GHz - Gigahertz

GPS - Global Positioning System

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

ISO - International Standards Organization

ITE - Institute of Transportation Engineers

ITS - Intelligent Transportation Systems

JPO - Joint Program Office

LTE - Long-Term Evolution (cellular technology)

OBE - On-Board Equipment

OBU - On-Board Units

POC - Proof-of-Concept

SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers

SCMS - Security Credential Management System

SDO - Standards Development Organization

USDOT - United States Department of Transportation

V2I - Vehicle-to-Infrastructure

V2P - Vehicle-to-Pedestrian

V2V - Vehicle-to-Vehicle

V2X - Vehicle-to-Anything

WAVE - Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments

WIP -Work in Progress

WSMP - WAVE Short Message Protocol

6. Supplemental Figures

Figure 1 shows how the various components of the vehicle's on-board equipment interact to provide connected vehicle services.

Figure 1: Components of the V2X network. Author's relevant description for this figure from the related figure in Slide #24 of the presentation: This figure fully consists of a graphic that shows the mobile components of a V2X network; It shows a vehicle and a smartphone as both containing the same basic components as detailed in an enlarged view. Within the enlarged view, there is a blue shaded box, with text at the bottom that says "On-Board Equipment (OBE): One or more integrated units". There are four white text boxes within the blue box. The upper left text box is entitled "V2X radios". The upper right box is entitled "GPS receiver". The bottom left box is entitled "Platform". The lower right box is entitled "On-board applications". There are two additional text boxes to the right of the blue box. The upper text box is entitled "Human interface". The lower text box is entitled "Internal device comms". There are arrows between the following text boxes: "GPS receiver" to "V2X radios," "GPS receiver" to "On-board applications," "On-board applications" to and from "V2X radios," "On-board applications" to and from "Platform," "On-board applications" to and from "Internal device comms," and "On-board applications" to "Human interface." Further, a bi-directional arrow flows from both "V2X radios" and "GPS receiver" to the text "Antenna" at the top of the blue box.

Figure 1: Components of the V2X network

The on-board applications provide the logic for all connected vehicle applications, such as safety, mobility, and sustainability related applications. These applications rely upon the Platform to store security certificates, application data, and other information. The on-board applications use one or more V2X radios to receive and transmit data via the vehicle's antennae. Multiple radios are typically required due to the need to manage communications on multiple channels simultaneously. The onboard applications also use the GPS receiver to identify its position and to keep its time synchronized with other devices (e.g., vehicles, pedestrians, roadside devices). All of these components make up the connected vehicle on-board equipment (OBE).

The on-board connected vehicle applications might also need to interact with other equipment contained in the vehicle that is not considered a part of the OBE. For example, the on-board applications might need to access the CAN-bus to determine the vehicle speed, braking status, anti-lock brake status, etc. Finally, the on-board applications might also need to convey information to the driver or vehicle occupants via the provided human interface components.

7. References

Resources

Webinars

Federal Register and Requests

Case Studies

8. Study Questions

1. Which of the following does the USDOT NOT include in its list of benefits of connected vehicles?

  1. Improved Safety
  2. Improved Environment
  3. Enhanced Entertainment
  4. Improved Mobility

2. Which of the following is NOT an identified component of the V2V network?

  1. Vehicle powertrain
  2. Safety application logic
  3. GNSS (GPS) receiver
  4. Memory for security certificates or application data

3. What data is NOT included as a Basic Safety requirement?

  1. Location of Vehicle
  2. Weight of Vehicle
  3. Length of Vehicle
  4. Steering Wheel Angle

4. Which is NOT a benefit of using ITS Standards?

  1. Supports interoperability
  2. Eliminates institutional issues
  3. Makes testing easier
  4. Makes procurements easier

5. Which of the following is NOT a part of the ITS Station Architecture?

  1. Application Entity
  2. Facilities Layer
  3. Security Entity
  4. Presentation Layer

6. Which of the following is an application data standard?

  1. IEEE 802.11
  2. IEEE 1609.x Family of Standards
  3. SAE J2735
  4. SAE J2945/1

7. Which of the following has NOT been identified in this presentation as a V2V service that agencies might need to consider implementing?

  1. Work zone warnings
  2. Fleet management
  3. Emergency vehicle warnings
  4. Slow vehicle warnings

8. What is a current challenge to deploying connected vehicles?

  1. Security
  2. Privacy
  3. Evolving standards
  4. All of the above

9. Which of the following is NOT a current connected vehicle activity?

  1. Revising ITS standards based on lessons learned
  2. Establishing a USDOT certification laboratories for connected devices
  3. Establishing a long-term Security and Credentialing Management System (SCMS)
  4. Revising ARC-IT for emerging and revised application requirements

10. Which of the following is the USDOT currently testing in relation to communication technology alternatives offered by C-V2X and DSRC?

  1. Access Layer
  2. TransNet Layer
  3. Facilities Layer
  4. Management Entity

Answers

Q1: Which of the following does the USDOT NOT include in its list of benefits of connected vehicles?

  1. Improved Safety: Incorrect. The USDOT has identified that safety is the primary benefit provided by the connected vehicle environment.
  2. Improved Environment: Incorrect. The USDOT has identified various environmental benefits of connected vehicle services.
  3. Enhanced Entertainment: Correct! While connected vehicles may be able to deliver entertainment, the USDOT does not include this in its list of benefits.
  4. Improved Mobility: Incorrect. Mobility has also been identified as a benefit for connected vehicles.

Q2: Which of the following is NOT an identified component of the V2V network?

  1. Vehicle powertrain: Correct! While each vehicle will have a power train, it is not considered part of the V2V network.
  2. Safety application logic: Incorrect. The safety application logic is one example of an Onboard Application, which is one of the identified components.
  3. GNSS (GPS) receiver: Incorrect. The GPS receiver is an identified component of the V2V network
  4. Memory for security certificates or application data: Incorrect. The memory used for these purposes is an identified component of the V2V network

Q3: What data is NOT included as a Basic Safety requirement?

  1. Location of Vehicle: Incorrect. The location is used to determine how close the vehicle is.
  2. Weight of Vehicle: Correct! The basic safety application is intended to avoid collisions and the weight of the other vehicle has not been deemed a significant factor in these calculations.
  3. Length of Vehicle: Incorrect. The length of the vehicle is used to determine the limits of the vehicle.
  4. Steering Wheel Angle: Incorrect. The steering wheel angle can be used to identify when the vehicle is sliding.

Q4: Which is NOT a benefit of using ITS Standards?

  1. Supports interoperability: Incorrect. Standards support interoperability be defining key interface details among products with different vendors.
  2. Eliminates institutional issues: Correct! While standards provide many benefits, the do not eliminate all challenges faced by institutions.
  3. Makes testing easier: Incorrect. Standards result in a common definition of how equipment should work and therefore creates a larger marketplace that supports automated test tools, common test procedures, and other products that simplify the testing process.
  4. Makes procurements easier: Incorrect. Standards define much of the technical detail required to have different components to interoperate; by placing these details into a common standard, procurement specifications can simplify their text by referencing the standard rather than defining all of the details themselves. It also results in a much larger marketplace from which an agency can procure specialized products.

Q5: Which of the following is NOT a part of the ITS Station Architecture?

  1. Application Entity: Incorrect. The Application Entity sits at the top of the stack.
  2. Facilities Layer: Incorrect. The Facilities Layer sits just below the Application Entity in the Data Plane.
  3. Security Entity: Incorrect. The Security Entity is on the right side of the stack.
  4. Presentation Layer: Correct! The Presentation Layer is a part of the Open Systems Interconnect Reference Model and is fully contained within the Facilities Layer of the ITS Station Architecture

Q6: Which of the following is an application data standard?

  1. IEEE 802.11: Incorrect. IEEE 802.11 is the Wi-Fi standard that defines how devices communicate over the air as a part of a network.
  2. IEEE 1609.x Family of Standards: Incorrect. The IEEE 1609.x family of standards define the Access Layer, Facilities Layer, and Security Entity details for a WAVE device; it does not define the application data being exchanged.
  3. SAE J2735: Correct! SAE J2735 defines data used by ITS applications, such as vehicle speed, location, and length.
  4. SAE J2945/1: Incorrect. SAE J2945/1 defines the performance requirements of the V2V Basic Safety Application; the data for this application is defined in SAE J2735.

Q7: Which of the following has NOT been identified in this presentation as a V2V service that agencies might need to consider implementing?

  1. Work zone warnings: Incorrect. Agencies should consider equipping their work zone vehicles with technologies to alert motorists of their presence.
  2. Fleet management: Correct! While agencies may need to manage a fleet of vehicles, a V2V component of this was not identified in this presentation.
  3. Emergency vehicle warnings: Incorrect. Agencies should consider equipping their emergency vehicles with technologies to alert motorists of their presence.
  4. Slow vehicle warnings: Incorrect. Agencies should consider equipping their slow vehicles with technologies to alert motorists of their presence.

Q8: What is a current challenge to deploying connected vehicles?

  1. Security: Incorrect. While maintaining the security of connected vehicles and their communications is a challenge, so are the other items listed.
  2. Privacy: Incorrect. While maintaining the privacy of user data is a challenge, so are the other items listed.
  3. Evolving standards: Incorrect. While maintaining backwards compatibility of ever-evolving standards is a challenge, so are the other items listed.
  4. All of the above: Correct! All three of the items listed are challenges to deploying connected vehicles.

Q9: Which of the following is NOT a current connected vehicle activity?

  1. a) Revising ITS standards based on lessons learned: Incorrect. The effort to revise standards to reflect lessons learned is an on-going activity that is unlikely to ever be finished.
  2. b) Establishing a USDOT certification laboratory for connected devices: Correct! The USDOT does not plan to establish its own testing laboratory; instead, the USDOT expects that the marketplace will establish its own testing laboratories as self-sustaining entities.
  3. c) Establishing a long-term Security and Credentialing Management System (SCMS):
  4. Incorrect. The USDOT is working with stakeholders to determine how the current Proof-of-Concept SCMS will be able to evolve into a self-sustaining model.
  5. d) Revising ARC-IT for emerging and revised application requirements: Incorrect. ARC-IT will continue to be maintained and will evolve to support emerging and revised application requirements.

Q10: Which of the following is the USDOT currently testing in relation to communication technology alternatives offered by C-V2X and DSRC?

  1. Access Layer: Correct! DSRC and C-V2X are competing Access Layer technologies.
  2. TransNet Layer: Incorrect. The TransNet Layer is defined by IEEE 1609.3.
  3. Facilities Layer: Incorrect. The Facilities Layer is defined by SAE 2735.
  4. Management Entity: Incorrect. The Security Entity is defined by IEEE 1609.2.

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